所以结果可想而知竞争会变得更激烈,市场被区隔开,媒体产业因而丧失了部份原有的特许能力。
The industry"s weakened franchise has an impact on its value that goes far beyond the immediate effect on earnings. For an understanding of this phenomenon, let"s look at some much over-simplified, but relevant, math.
媒体产业转为弱势,除了让短期盈余获利受到冲击之外,对其本身的价值将有更深远的影响,为了让大家了解这种现象,让我们来看看稍微简化但却颇为相关的数学算式。
A few years ago the conventional wisdom held that a newspaper, television or magazine property would forever increase its earnings at 6% or so annually and would do so without the employment of additional capital, for the reason that depreciation charges would roughly match capital expenditures and working capital requirements would be minor. Therefore, reported earnings (before amortization of intangibles) were also freely-distributable earnings, which meant that ownership of a media property could be construed as akin to owning a perpetual annuity set to grow at 6% a year. Say, next, that a discount rate of 10% was used to determine the present value of that earnings stream. One could then calculate that it was appropriate to pay a whopping $25 million for a property with current after-tax earnings of $1 million. (This after-tax multiplier of 25 translates to a multiplier on pre-tax earnings of about 16.)
几年以来一般人都认为新闻、电视或是杂志产业的获利能力,可以永无止尽地以每年6%左右的比率成长,而且可以完全不必依靠额外的资金,也因此每年的折旧费用应该会与资本支出相当,而由于所需的营运资金也相当小,所以帐列盈余 (在扣除无形资产摊销前)几乎等于可以自由分配运用的盈余,也就是说拥有一家媒体事业,每年几乎可以有6%稳定增加的纯现金流入,同时若我们以10%的折现率来计算现值的话,等于是一次2,500万的投资,每年可以贡献100万美元的税后净利贡献(亦即约为25倍的税后本益比,若换成税前盈余本益比则约为16左右)。
Now change the assumption and posit that the $1 million represents "normal earning power" and that earnings will bob around this figure cyclically. A "bob-around" pattern is indeed the lot of most businesses, whose income stream grows only if their owners are willing to commit more capital (usually in the form of retained earnings). Under our revised assumption, $1 million of earnings, discounted by the same 10%, translates to a $10 million valuation. Thus a seemingly modest shift in assumptions reduces the property"s valuation to 10 times after-tax earnings (or about 6 1/2 times pre-tax earnings).
现在假设条件改变,这家公司只拥有普通的获利能力,所以每年100万的获利只能上上下下起伏,这种打摆子的形式就是大部分公司的状况,而公司的获利想要有所成长,老板就必须要投入更多的资金才办得到(通常都是透过保留盈余的方式),经过我们将假设重新做修正,同样以10%加以折现,大概可以达到1,000万美元的价值,结果可以看出,一项看起来不大重要的假设变动却使这家企业的价值大幅减少至10倍税后盈余本益比(或6.5倍税前盈余本益比)。
Dollars are dollars whether they are derived from the operation of media properties or of steel mills. What in the past caused buyers to value a dollar of earnings from media far higher than a dollar from steel was that the earnings of a media property were expected to constantly grow (without the business requiring much additional capital), whereas steel earnings clearly fell in the bob-around category. Now, however, expectations for media have moved toward the bob-around model. And, as our simplified example illustrates, valuations must change dramatically when expectations are revised.
现金就是现金,不管今天它是靠经营媒体事业或是钢铁工厂得来的都一样,而过去同样是一元的获利,大家之所以看重媒体事业的原因是预期他会继续成长(股东不需要再投入额外的资金),而钢铁业很明显会落入打摆子的那类族群,不过现在大家对于媒体事业的看法也逐渐改为后者,而如我们刚刚所举简单的例子,评价的结果可能因为这样的修正而有很大的改变。
We have a significant investment in media - both through our direct ownership of Buffalo News and our shareholdings in The Washington Post Company and Capital Cities/ABC - and the intrinsic value of this investment has declined materially because of the secular transformation that the industry is experiencing. (Cyclical factors have also hurt our current look-through earnings, but these factors do not reduce intrinsic value.) However, as our Business Principles on page 2-3 note, one of the rules by which we run Berkshire is that we do not sell businesses - or investee holdings that we have classified as permanent - simply because we see ways to use the money more advantageously elsewhere. (We did sell certain other media holdings sometime back, but these were relatively small.)
我们在媒体事业有相当大的投资,不管是百分之百拥有的水牛城日报或是在华盛顿邮报与资本城/ABC的股票投资,而这些媒体事业的价值因为前面所提到的产业所面临的形态转变而大幅滑落,(景气循环因素也使得我们现在的透视盈余大受影响,虽然还不致于让实质价值减少),然而就像是我们经营Berkshire的企业原则所揭示的,我们不会只是因为还有其它更有利的资金用途,就随便将已被列为永恒的事业或主要投资出售,(当然之前我们也确实卖了一些媒体股,不过规模相对较小)。
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