Offsetting this grim equation is a happier fact: Insurers get to hold on to their policyholders" money for a time before paying it out. This happens because most policies require that premiums be prepaid and, more importantly, because it often takes time to resolve loss claims. Indeed, in the case of certain lines of insurance, such as product liability or professional malpractice, many years may elapse between the loss event and payment.
当然若是两者能够相等,将会是一个很令人高兴的结局,因为保险业者在真正支付给客户理赔金之前,通常有一段时间可以将这笔钱好好地运用,因为大部分的保单都是先向客户收取保费,更重要的是,通常得花上一段时间才会将损失理赔款给付出去,尤其是像产品责任险或是专门职业执行业务不当等保险,通常要花上好几年的时间,才能将理赔损失定案。
To oversimplify the matter somewhat, the total of the funds prepaid by policyholders and the funds earmarked for incurred-but-not-yet-paid claims is called "the float." In the past, the industry was able to suffer a combined ratio of 107 to 111 and still break even from its insurance writings because of the earnings derived from investing this float.
再讲白一点,这些保户预付的保险费加上那些已经发生但还未理赔的资金统称为保险浮存金,在过去,利用这些浮存金创造投资收益,使得整个保险业即使面临高达107到111的综合比率,却依然可以维持损益两平。
As interest rates have fallen, however, the value of float has substantially declined. Therefore, the data that we have provided in the past are no longer useful for year-to-year comparisons of industry profitability. A company writing at the same combined ratio now as in the 1980"s today has a far less attractive business than it did then.
不过随着利率下滑,保险浮存金的价值大幅滑落,因此过去我们提供的比率已经无法用来衡量保险业者每年的获利状况比较,今天一家拥有相同综合比率的保险公司比起1980年代来说,已无法同日而语。
Only by making an analysis that incorporates both underwriting results and the current risk-free earnings obtainable from float can one evaluate the true economics of the business that a property-casualty insurer writes. Of course, the actual investment results that an insurer achieves from the use of both float and stockholders" funds is also of major importance and should be carefully examined when an investor is assessing managerial performance. But that should be a separate analysis from the one we are discussing here. The value of float funds - in effect, their transfer price as they move from the insurance operation to the investment operation - should be determined simply by the risk-free, long-term rate of interest.
我们认为只有将保险业的承保结果与保险浮存金可以获得的无风险盈余做分析,才有办法正确地评估一家产物意外险公司真正的价值,当然一家保险公司利用其浮存金与股东资金所能创造的投资收益也相当重要,这点也是投资人在该公司的经营表现时,必须特别注意的,只不过那需要分开另外分析,而不是我们现在要讨论的主题。事实上,保险浮存金的价值,关键在于其从保险营运移转至投资营运的转拨价格,这点可以简单的以长期无风险的资金利率作为标准。
On the next page we show the numbers that count in an evaluation of Berkshire"s insurance business. We calculate our float - which we generate in exceptional amounts relative to our premium volume - by adding loss reserves, loss adjustment reserves and unearned premium reserves and then subtracting agent"s balances, prepaid acquisition costs and deferred charges applicable to assumed reinsurance. Our cost of float is determined by our underwriting loss or profit. In those years when we have had an underwriting profit, which includes 1993, our cost of float has been negative, and we have determined our insurance earnings by adding underwriting profit to float income.
下一页我们将会列出如何计算出Berkshire保险事业价值,首先先计算浮存金总额-相对于我们的保费收入总额,我们的浮存金部位算是相当大的,将所有的损失准备、损失费用调整准备与未赚取保费加总后,再扣除应付佣金、预付购并成本及相关再保递延费用,至于浮存金的成本则决定于所发生的承保损失或利益而定,在某些年度由于我们有承保利益,所以换句话说,我们的资金成本甚至是负的,此时我们的保险事业盈余等于是由原先从浮存金获取的利益再加上承保利益。
(1) (2) Yearend Yield
Underwriting Approximate on Long-TermLoss Average Float Cost of Funds Govt. Bonds (In $ Millions) (Ratio of 1 to 2)
1967 profit $ 17.3 less than zero 5.50% 1981 profit 228.4 less than zero 13.61%
1968 profit 19.9 less than zero 5.90% 1982 21.56 220.6 9.77% 10.64%
1969 profit 23.4 less than zero 6.79% 1983 33.87 231.3 14.64% 11.84%
1970 $ 0.37 32.4 1.14% 6.25% 1984 48.06 253.2 18.98% 11.58%
1971 profit 52.5 less than zero 5.81% 1985 44.23 390.2 11.34% 9.34%
1972 profit 69.5 less than zero 5.82% 1986 55.84 797.5 7.00% 7.60%
1973 profit 73.3 less than zero 7.27% 1987 55.43 1,266.7 4.38% 8.95%
1974 7.36 79.1 9.30% 8.13% 1988 11.08 1,497.7 0.74% 9.00%
1975 11.35 87.6 12.96% 8.03% 1989 24.40 1,541.3 1.58% 7.97%
1976 profit 102.6 less than zero 7.30% 1990 26.65 1,637.3 1.63% 8.24%
1977 profit 139.0 less than zero 7.97% 1991 119.59 1,895.0 6.31% 7.40%
1978 profit 190.4 less than zero 8.93% 1992 108.96 2,290.4 4.76% 7.39%
1979 profit 227.3 less than zero 10.08% 1993 profit 2,624.7 less than zero 6.35%
1980 profit 237.0 less than zero 11.94%
As you can see, in our insurance operation last year we had the use of $2.6 billion at no cost; in fact we were paid $31 million, our underwriting profit, to hold these funds. This sounds good - is good - but is far from as good as it sounds.
大家应该看得出,去年我们保险事业的营运结果,等于是让我们可以免费利用26亿美元的浮存金,而事实上,应该还要再加上3,100万美元的承保利益,这看起来相当不错,不过实际上并没有想象中的那么好。
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