The strategy we"ve adopted precludes our following standard diversification dogma. Many pundits would therefore say the strategy must be riskier than that employed by more conventional investors. We disagree. We believe that a policy of portfolio concentration may well decrease risk if it raises, as it should, both the intensity with which an investor thinks about a business and the comfort-level he must feel with its economic characteristics before buying into it. In stating this opinion, we define risk, using dictionary terms, as "the possibility of loss or injury."
我们采取的这种策略排除了依照普通分散风险的教条,许多学者便会言之凿凿说我们这种策略比起一般传统的投资风险要高的许多,这点我们不敢苟同,我们相信集中持股的做法同样可以大幅降低风险,只要投资人在买进股份之前,能够加强本身对于企业的认知以及对于竞争能力熟悉的程度,在这里我们将风险定义,与一般字典里的一样,系指损失或受伤的可能性。
Academics, however, like to define investment "risk" differently, averring that it is the relative volatility of a stock or portfolio of stocks - that is, their volatility as compared to that of a large universe of stocks. Employing data bases and statistical skills, these academics compute with precision the "beta" of a stock - its relative volatility in the past - and then build arcane investment and capital-allocation theories around this calculation. In their hunger for a single statistic to measure risk, however, they forget a fundamental principle: It is better to be approximately right than precisely wrong.
然而在学术界,却喜欢将投资的风险给予不同的定义,坚持把它当作是股票价格相对波动的程度,也就是个别投资相较于全体投资波动的幅度,运用数据库与统计方法,这些学者能够计算出一只股票"精确"的Beta值,代表其过去相对波动的幅度,然后根据这项公式建立一套晦涩难解的投资与资金分配理论,为了渴望找出可以衡量风险的单一统计值,但他们却忘了一项基本的原则,宁愿大概对,也不要完全错。
For owners of a business - and that"s the way we think of shareholders - the academics" definition of risk is far off the mark, so much so that it produces absurdities. For example, under beta-based theory, a stock that has dropped very sharply compared to the market - as had Washington Post when we bought it in 1973 - becomes "riskier" at the lower price than it was at the higher price. Would that description have then made any sense to someone who was offered the entire company at a vastly-reduced price?
对于企业的所有权人来说,这是我们认为公司股东应该有的想法,学术界对于风险的定义实在是有点离谱,甚至于有点荒谬,举例来说,根据Beta理论,若是有一种股票的价格相对于大盘下跌的幅度更高,就像是我们在1973年买进华盛顿邮报股份时一样,那么其风险远比原来高股价时还要更高,那么要是哪天有人愿意以极低的价格把整家公司卖给你时,你是否也会认为这样的风险太高,而予以拒绝呢?
In fact, the true investor welcomes volatility. Ben Graham explained why in Chapter 8 of The Intelligent Investor. There he introduced "Mr. Market," an obliging fellow who shows up every day to either buy from you or sell to you, whichever you wish. The more manic-depressive this chap is, the greater the opportunities available to the investor. That"s true because a wildly fluctuating market means that irrationally low prices will periodically be attached to solid businesses. It is impossible to see how the availability of such prices can be thought of as increasing the hazards for an investor who is totally free to either ignore the market or exploit its folly.
事实上,真正的投资人喜欢波动都还来不及,班哲明.葛拉汉在智能型投资人一书的第八章便有所解释,他引用了市场先生理论,市场先生每天都会出现在你面前,只要你愿意都可以从他那里买进或卖出你的投资,只要他老兄越沮丧,投资人拥有的机会也就越多,这是由于只要市场波动的幅度越大,一些超低的价格就更有机会会出现在一些好公司身上,很难想象这种低价的优惠会被投资人视为对其有害,对于投资人来说,你完全可以无视于他的存在或是好好地利用这种愚蠢的行为。
In assessing risk, a beta purist will disdain examining what a company produces, what its competitors are doing, or how much borrowed money the business employs. He may even prefer not to know the company"s name. What he treasures is the price history of its stock. In contrast, we"ll happily forgo knowing the price history and instead will seek whatever information will further our understanding of the company"s business. After we buy a stock, consequently, we would not be disturbed if markets closed for a year or two. We don"t need a daily quote on our 100% position in See"s or H. H. Brown to validate our well-being. Why, then, should we need a quote on our 7% interest in Coke?
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