The competitive strengths of a Coke or Gillette are obvious to
even the casual observer of business. Yet the beta of their stocks is similar to that of a great many run-of-the-mill companies who possess little or no competitive advantage. Should we conclude from this similarity that the competitive strength of Coke and Gillette gains them nothing when business risk is being measured? Or should we conclude that the risk in owning a piece of a company - its stock - is somehow divorced from the long-term risk inherent in its business operations? We believe neither conclusion makes sense and that equating beta with investment risk also makes no sense.
可口可乐与吉列的竞争力在一般产业观察家眼中实在是显而易见的,然而其股票的Beta值却与一般平庸、完全没有竞争优势的公司相似,难道只因为这样我们就该认为在衡量公司所面临的产业风险时,完全不须考虑他们所享有的竞争优势吗? 或者就可以说持有一家公司部份所有权-也就是股票的风险,与公司长期所面临的营运风险一点关系都没有,我们认为这些说法,包含衡量投资风险的Beta公式在内,一点道理都没有。
The theoretician bred on beta has no mechanism for differentiating the risk inherent in, say, a single-product toy company selling pet rocks or hula hoops from that of another toy company whose sole product is Monopoly or Barbie. But it"s quite possible for ordinary investors to make such distinctions if they have a reasonable understanding of consumer behavior and the factors that create long-term competitive strength or weakness. Obviously, every investor will make mistakes. But by confining himself to a relatively few, easy-to-understand cases, a reasonably intelligent, informed and diligent person can judge investment risks with a useful degree of accuracy.
Beta学者所架构的理论根本就没有能力去分辨,销售宠物玩具或呼拉圈的玩具公司与销售大富翁或芭比娃娃的玩具公司,所隐藏的风险有何不同? 但对一般普通的投资人来说,只要他略懂得消费者行为以及形成企业长期竞争优势或弱势的原因的话,就可以很明确的看出两者的差别,当然每个投资人都会犯错,但只要将自己集中在相对少数,容易了解的投资个案上,一个理性、知性与耐性兼具的投资人一定能够将投资风险限定在可接受的范围之内。
In many industries, of course, Charlie and I can"t determine whether we are dealing with a "pet rock" or a "Barbie." We couldn"t solve this problem, moreover, even if we were to spend years intensely studying those industries. Sometimes our own intellectual shortcomings would stand in the way of understanding, and in other cases the nature of the industry would be the roadblock. For example, a business that must deal with fast-moving technology is not going to lend itself to reliable evaluations of its long-term economics. Did we foresee thirty years ago what would transpire in the television-manufacturing or computer industries? Of course not. (Nor did most of the investors and corporate managers who enthusiastically entered those industries.) Why, then, should Charlie and I now think we can predict the future of other rapidly-evolving businesses? We"ll stick instead with the easy cases. Why search for a needle buried in a haystack when one is sitting in plain sight?
当然有许多产业,连查理或是我可能都无法判断到底我们在玩的是宠物玩具或芭比娃娃,甚至在花了许多年时间努力的研究这些产业之后,我们还是无法解决这个问题,有时是因为我们本身智识上的缺陷,阻碍了我们对事情的了解,有时则是因为产业特性的关系,例如对于一家随时都比须面临快速变迁技术的公司来说,我们根本就无法对其长期的竞争力做出任何的评断,人类在三十年前,是否就能预知现在电视制造或计算机产业的演进,当然不能,就算是大部分钻研于这方面领域的投资人与企业经理人也没有办法,那么为什么查理跟我要觉得应该要有去预测其它产业快速变迁前景的能力呢? 我们宁愿挑些简单一点的,一个人坐的舒舒服服就好了,为什么还要费事去挨稻草里的针呢?
Of course, some investment strategies - for instance, our efforts in arbitrage over the years - require wide diversification. If significant risk exists in a single transaction, overall risk should be reduced by making that purchase one of many mutually-independent commitments. Thus, you may consciously purchase a risky investment - one that indeed has a significant possibility of causing loss or injury - if you believe that your gain, weighted for probabilities, considerably exceeds your loss, comparably weighted, and if you can commit to a number of similar, but unrelated opportunities. Most venture capitalists employ this strategy. Should you choose to pursue this course, you should adopt the outlook of the casino that owns a roulette wheel, which will want to see lots of action because it is favored by probabilities, but will refuse to accept a single, huge bet.
当然,有些投资策略,例如我们从事多年的套利活动,就必须将风险分散,若是单一交易的风险过高,就比须将资源分散到几个各自独立的个案之上,如此一来,虽然每个个案都有可能导致损失或伤害,但只要你确信每个独立的个案经过机率的加权平均能够让你获致满意的报酬就行了,许多创业投资者用的就是这种方法,若是你也打算这样做的话,记得采取与赌场老板搞轮盘游戏同样的心态,那就是鼓励大家持续不断的下注,因为长期而言,机率对庄家有利,但千万要拒绝单一一次的大赌注。
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