18. What is the ultimate goal of Heifer International?
19. What are families required to do after they receive support from Heifer
International?
20. What is the major achievement of Heifer International?
2006年6月24日大学英语新四级(CET-4)真题试卷
Part I Writing (30 minute)
注意:此部分试题在答题卡1上。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minute to write a short essay on the topic
of students selecting their lectures. You should write at least 120 words
following the outline given bellow:
1. 有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课教师
2. 学生选择教师时所考虑的主要因素
3. 学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题
On Students Selecting Lecturers
Part II Reading comprehension (skimming and scanning) (15 minute)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minute to go over the passage quickly and
answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.
For questions 1-7, mark
Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the
passage;
N (for NO) if statement contradicts the information given in the
passage;
NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.
For question 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Highways
Early in the 20th century, most of the streets and roads in the U.S. were made of
dirt, brick, and cedar wood blocks. Built for horse, carriage, and foot traffic, they were
usually poorly cared for and too narrow to accommodate (容纳) automobiles.
With the increase in auto production, private turnpike (收费公路) companies under
local authorities began to spring up, and by 1921 there were 387,000 miles of paved
roads. Many were built using specifications of 19th century Scottish engineers Thomas
Telford and John MacAdam (for whom the macadam surface is named), whose
specifications stressed the importance of adequate drainage. Beyond that, there were no
national standards for size, weight restrictions, or commercial signs. During World War I,
roads throughout the country were nearly destroyed by the weight of trucks. When
General Eisenhower returned from Germany in 1919, after serving in the U.S. army’s first
transcontinental motor convoy (车队), he noted: “The old convoy had started me thinking
about good, two-lane highways, but Germany’s Autobahn or motorway had made me see
the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land.”
It would take another war before the federal government would act on a national
highway system. During World War II, a tremendous increase in trucks and new roads
were required. The war demonstrated how critical highways were to the defense effort.
Thirteen per cent of defense plants received all their supplies by truck, and almost all
other plants shipped more than half of their products by vehicle. The war also revealed
that local control of highways had led to a confusing variety of design standards. Even
federal and state highways did not follow basic standards. Some states allowed trucks up
to 36,000 pounds, while others restricted anything over 7,000 pounds.
A government study recommended a national highway system of 33,920 miles, and
congress soon passed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944, which called for strict,
centrally controlled design criteria.
The interstate highway system was finally launched in 1956 and has been hailed as
one of the greatest public works projects of the century. To build its 44,000-mile web of
highways, bridge, and tunnels, hundreds of unique engineering designs and solutions had
to be worked out. Consider the many geographic features of the country: mountains,
steep grades, wetlands, rivers, deserts and plains. Variables included the slope of the land,
the ability of the pavement to support the load, the intensity of road use, and the nature
of the underlying soil. Urban areas were another problem. Innovative designs of
roadways, tunnels, bridges, overpasses, and interchanges that could run through or
bypass urban areas soon began to weave their way across the country, forever altering the
face of America.
Today, the interstate system links every major city in the U.S., and the U.S. with
Canada and Mexico. Built with safety in mind, the highways have wide lanes and
shoulders, dividing medians, or barriers, long entry and exit lanes, curves engineered for
safe turns, and limited access. The death rate on highways is half that of all other U.S.
roads (0.86 deaths per 100 million passenger miles compared to 1.99 deaths per 100
million on all other roads).
By opening the North American continent, highways have enabled consumer goods
and services to reach people in remote and rural areas of the country, spurred the growth
of suburbs, and provided people with greater options in term of jobs, access to cultural
programs, health care, and other benefits. Above all, the interstate system provides
individuals with what they cherish most: personal freedom of mobility.
The interstate system has been an essential element of the nation’s economic growth
in terms of shipping and job creation: more than 75 percent of the nation’s freight
deliveries arrive by truck; and most products that arrive by rail or air use interstates for
the last leg of the journey by vehicle. Not only has the highway system affected the
American economy by providing shipping routes, it has led to the growth of spin-off
industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centers. It has allowed
the relocation of manufacturing plants and other industries from urban areas to rural.
By the end of the century there was an immense network of paved roads, residential
streets, expressways, and freeways built to support millions of vehicles. The highway
system was officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vision and leadership. The
year construction began he said: “Together, the united forces of our communication and
transportation systems are dynamic elements in the very name we bear—United States.
Without them, we would be a mere alliance of many separate parts.”
注意:此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
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