"Yes, sir. We failed, in a way, and Giskard ceased to operate. Before the cessation, however, he made it possible for me to have his talent and left it to me to care for the Galaxy; for Earth, particularly."
"Why Earth, particularly?"
"In part because of a man named Elijah Baley, an Earthman."
Pelorat put in excitedly, "He is the culture-hero I mentioned some time ago, Golan."
"A culture-hero, sir?"
"What Dr. Pelorat means," said Trevize, "is that he is a person to whom much was attributed, and who may have been an amalgamation of many men in actual history, or who may be an invented person altogether."
Daneel considered for a moment, and then said, quite calmly, "That is not so, sirs. Elijah Baley was a real man and he was one man. I do not know what your legends say of him, but in actual history, the Galaxy might never have been settled without him. In his honor, I did my best to salvage what I could of Earth after it began to turn radioactive. My fellow-robots were distributed over the Galaxy in an effort to influence a person here a person there. At one time I maneuvered a beginning to the recycling of Earth"s soil. At another much later time, I maneuvered a beginning to the terraforming of a world circling the nearby star,now called Alpha. In neither case was I truly successful. I could never adjust human minds entirely as I wished, for there was always the chance that I might do harm to the various humans who were adjusted. I was bound,you see and am bound to this day by the Laws of Robotics."
"Yes?"
It did not necessarily take a being with Daneel"s mental power to detect uncertainty in that monosyllable.
"The First Law," he said, "is this, sir: `A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm." The Second Law: `A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law." The Third Law: `A robot must protect its own existence, as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law." Naturally, I give you these laws in the approximation of language. In actual fact they represent complicated mathematical configurations of our positronic brain-paths."
"Do you find it difficult to deal with those Laws?"
"I must, sir. The First Law is an absolute that almost forbids the use of my mental talents altogether. When dealing with the Galaxy it is not likely that any course of action will prevent harm altogether. Always,some people, perhaps many people, will suffer so that a robot must choose minimum harm. Yet, the complexity of possibilities is such that it takes time to make that choice and one is, even then, never certain."
"I see that," said Trevize.
"All through Galactic history," said Daneel, "I tried to ameliorate the worst aspects of the strife and disaster that perpetually made itself felt in the Galaxy. I may have succeeded, on occasion, and to some extent, but if you know your Galactic history, you will know that I did not succeed often, or by much."
"That much I know," said Trevize, with a wry smile.
"Just before Giskard"s end, he conceived of a robotic law that superseded even the first. We called it the `Zeroth Law" out of an inability to think of any other name that made sense. The Zeroth Law is:`A robot may not injure humanity or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm." This automatically means that the First Law must be modified to be: `A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm, except where that would conflict with the Zeroth Law." And similar modifications must be made in the Second and Third Laws."
Trevize frowned. "How do you decide what is injurious, or not injurious, to humanity as a whole?"
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