W·埃夫里尔·哈里曼已经离任,而沃尔特·比德尔·史密斯尚未赴任。
8. “X” [George F. Kennan], “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,”Foreign Affairs 25, no. 4 (July 1947).
9. Ibid.
10. Robert Rhodes James, ed.,Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963(New York: Chelsea House, 1974), 7:7710.
11. A Report to the National Security Council by the Executive Secretary on United States Objectives and Programs for National Security, NSC-68 (April 14, 1950), 7.
12. John Foster Dulles, “Foundations of Peace” (address to the Veterans of Foreign Wars, New York, August 18, 1958).
13. George H. W. Bush faced a similar issue after Saddam Hussein’s forces had been expelled from Kuwait in 1991.
14. Shen Zhihua,Mao, Stalin, and the Korean War: Trilateral Communist Relations in the 1950s, trans. Neil Silver (London: Routledge, 2012), 140.
15. Chen Jian,China’s Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 149–50. On the Chinese leadership’s analysis of the war and its regional implications, see also Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, and Xue Litai,Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993); Henry Kissinger,On China (New York: Penguin Press, 2011), chap. 5; Shen,Mao, Stalin, and the Korean War;and Shu Guang Zhang,Mao’s Military Romanticism: China and the Korean War, 1950–1953 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995).
16. See Chapter 5.
17. General Omar N. Bradley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, testimony before the Senate Committees on Armed Services and Foreign Relations, May 15, 1951, inMilitary Situation in the Far East, hearings, 82nd Cong., 1st sess., pt. 2, 732 (1951).
18. See Peter Braestrup,Big Story: How the American Press and Television Reported and Interpreted the Crisis of Tet 1968 in Vietnam and Washington(Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1977); Robert Elegant, “How to Lose a War: The Press and Viet Nam,”Encounter (London), August 1981, 73–90; Guenter Lewy,America in Vietnam (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 272–79, 311–24.
19. “An Interview with the President: The Jury Is Out,”Time, January 3, 1972.
20. Richard Nixon, U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970’s: Building for Peace: A Report to the Congress, by Richard Nixon, President of the United States, February 25, 1971, 107. 直到这个时候,美国政府文件一直把中国称为“共产党中国”或泛称为北京或北平(国民党给这个城市的名称)当局。
21. Richard Nixon, Remarks to Midwestern News Media Executives Attending a Briefing on Domestic Policy in Kansas City, Missouri, July 6, 1971, inPublic Papers of the Presidents, 805–6.
22. See Kissinger,On China,chap. 9.
23. Richard Nixon, Second Inaugural Address, January 20, 1973, inMy Fellow Americans,333.
24. Richard Nixon,U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970’s: Building for Peace, 10.
25. Richard Nixon,U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970’s: A New Strategy for Peace,February 18, 1970, 9.
26. Richard Nixon, U.S.Foreign Policy for the 1970’s: Shaping a Durable Peace,May 3, 1973, 232–33.
27. Ronald Reagan, Farewell Address to the American People, January 11, 1989, inIn the Words of Ronald Reagan: The Wit, Wisdom, and Eternal Optimism of America’s 40th President,ed Michael Reagan (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2004), 34.
28. Ronald Reagan,An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), 592.
29. Lou Cannon,President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), 792.
30. Ronald Reagan, Address Before a Joint Session of Congress on the State of the Union, January 25, 1984, inThe Public Papers of President Ronald W. Reagan,Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
31. George H. W. Bush, Remarks to the Federal Assembly in Prague, Czechoslovakia, November 17, 1990, accessed online at Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, eds.,The American Presidency Project.
32. Ibid.
33. George H. W. Bush, Remarks at Maxwell Air Force Base War College, Montgomery, Alabama, April 13, 1991, in Michael D. Gambone,Small Wars: Low-Intensity Threats and the American Response Since Vietnam (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2012), 121.
34. “Confronting the Challenges of a Broader World,” President Clinton Address to the UN General Assembly, New York City, September 27, 1993, inDepartment of State Dispatch 4, no. 39 (September 27, 1993).
35. Ibid.
36. George W. Bush, Presidential Address to a Joint Session of Congress, September 20, 2001, inWe Will Prevail: President George W. Bush on War, Terrorism, and Freedom (New York: Continuum, 2003), 13.
37. George W. Bush, Presidential Address to the Nation, October 7, 2001, in ibid., 33.
38. “Agreement on Provisional Arrangements in Afghanistan Pending the Re-establishment of Permanent Government Institutions,” December 5, 2001, UN peacemaker online archive.
39. UN Security Council Resolution 1510 (October 2003).
40. 的确有人透露,即便呼吁新政府注意性别敏感性,在波恩的起草者们还是得赞扬“阿富汗的圣战者……是圣战英雄(heroes)”。
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