一九九三
Our per-share book value increased 14.3% during 1993. Over the last 29 years (that is, since present management took over) book value has grown from $19 to $8,854, or at a rate of 23.3% compounded annually.
1993年本公司的净值成长了14.3%,总计过去29年以来,也就是自从现有经营阶层接手之后,每股净值由当初的19元成长到现在的8,854美元,年复合成长率约为23.3%。
During the year, Berkshire"s net worth increased by $1.5 billion, a figure affected by two negative and two positive non-operating items. For the sake of completeness, I"ll explain them here. If you aren"t thrilled by accounting, however, feel free to fast-forward through this discussion:
回顾过去一年,Berkshire的净值增加了15亿美元,主要受到两项负面以及两项正面非营业的因素所影响,为了做完整的表达,我将它们条列如下,若是大家对于会计有点感冒,大可直接跳过本段不看。
1. The first negative was produced by a change in Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) having to do with the taxes we accrue against unrealized appreciation in the securities wecarry at market value. The old rule said that the tax rate used should be the one in effect when the appreciation took place. Therefore, at the end of 1992, we were using a rate of 34% on the $6.4 billion of gains generated after 1986 and 28% on the $1.2 billion of gains generated before that. The new rule stipulates that the current tax rate should be applied to all gains. The rate in the first quarter of 1993, when this rule went into effect, was 34%.Applying that rate to our pre-1987 gains reduced net worth by $70 million.
1.一个负面因素是由于一般公认会计原则变动所造成,主要与帐上依照市价计算的未实现增值利益所估列的所得税有关,原来规定税率必须按照涨价所发生时点来计算,因此在1992年底,我们的未实现利益也64亿美元系按照34%计算,其余12亿则按28%计算;而新的规定则改成全部依照现行税率计算,故1993年第一季所适用的税率则为34%,包含1987年以前的未实现利得在内全部适用,此举将使得我们的净值因此减少7,000万美元。
2. The second negative, related to the first, came about because the corporate tax rate was raised in the third quarter of 1993 to 35%. This change required us to make an additional charge of 1% against all of our unrealized gains, and that charge penalized net worth by $75 million. Oddly, GAAP required both this charge and the one described above to be deducted from the earnings we report, even though the unrealized appreciation that gave rise to the charges was never included in earnings, but rather was credited directly to net worth.
2.第二个负面因素与第一个也有关,因为从1993年开始企业税率提高为35%,此举又使得我们必须为帐上未实现利得多提1%的税负,导致我们的净值又减少7,500万美元,奇怪的是一般公认会计原则要求这两项变动皆须列入损益表,却不顾当初这些未实现利得根本就从未列入盈余之内,而是直接当作是净值的增加。
3. Another 1993 change in GAAP affects the value at which we carry the securities that we own. In recent years, both the common stocks and certain common-equivalent securities held by our insurance companies have been valued at market, whereas equities held by our non-insurance subsidiaries or by the parent company were carried at their aggregate cost or market, whichever was lower. Now GAAP says that all common stocks should be carried at market, a rule we began following in the fourth quarter of 1993. This change produced a gain in Berkshire"s reported net worth of about $172million.
3.1993年另外一个会计原则的变动影响的则是我们帐上持有的这些有价证券的价值,近几年来,我们保险公司所持有的不管是普通股或是约当普通股,都是按市价计算,至于母公司或是其它非保险业子公司所持有的的股票则以成本与市价孰低法计算,现在一般公认会计原则则改成全部都按市价计算,这个规定将从1993年的第四季开始实施,此举将使得Berkshire的净值增加1.72亿美元。
4. Finally, we issued some stock last year. In a transaction described in last year"s Annual Report, we issued 3,944 shares in early January, 1993 upon the conversion of $46 million convertible debentures that we had called for redemption. Additionally, we issued 25,203 shares when we acquired Dexter Shoe, a purchase discussed later in this report. The overall result was that our shares outstanding increased by 29,147 and our net worth by about $478 million. Per-share book value also grew, because the shares issued in these transactions carried a price above their book value.
4.最后去年我们又发行的一些股份,在一项去年曾提过的购并交易中,我们在1993年一月将4,600万美元的可转换债券赎回,而发行了3,944股,此外在买下Dexter鞋业时,(后面报告还会详加叙述)我们又发行了25,203股,总计一共新发行了29,147股,增加4.78亿美元的净值,每股帐面净值也因发行价格高于原先帐面每股净值而提升。
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