Of course, it"s per-share intrinsic value, not book value, that counts. Book value is an accounting term that measures the capital, including retained earnings, that has been put into a business. Intrinsic value is a present-value estimate of the cash that can be taken out of a business during its remaining life. At most companies, the two values are unrelated. Berkshire, however, is an exception: Our book value, though significantly below our intrinsic value, serves as a useful device for tracking that key figure. In 1993, each measure grew by roughly 14%, advances that I would call satisfactory but unexciting.
当然真正重要的是每股实质价值而非帐面净值,帐面净值是一个会计名词,用来衡量一家公司所投入的资本,也包含未分配的盈余在内,实质价值则是对于一家企业终其一生所能产生现金流量的估计折现值,对大部分的公司来说,这两个数字大多不相关,不过Berkshire算是一个例外,我们的帐面净值,虽然远低于实质价值,但却是追踪实质价值相当好的一项指针,在1993年两项数值大约皆以14%左右的比率增加,这种成绩虽让人满意却不令人惊喜。
These gains, however, were outstripped by a much larger gain - 39% - in Berkshire"s market price. Over time, of course, market price and intrinsic value will arrive at about the same destination. But in the short run the two often diverge in a major way, a phenomenon I"ve discussed in the past. Two years ago, Coca-Cola and Gillette, both large holdings of ours, enjoyed market price increases that dramatically outpaced their earnings gains. In the 1991 Annual Report, I said that the stocks of these companies could not continuously overperform their businesses.
这些利得比起Berkshire本身股价39%的涨幅来说还是略微逊色,当然就长期而言,Berkshire的市价与实质价值将会到达相同的水平,但短期而言,两者的变化可能会有很大的差异,这种现象稍后我们会再详细讨论,两年前我们两项主要的投资可口可乐与吉列刮胡刀的股价表现远超过本身的盈余成长,在1991年的年报中,我便说过这些公司的股票市价不可能永远持续超越其本业。
From 1991 to 1993, Coke and Gillette increased their annual operating earnings per share by 38% and 37% respectively, but their market prices moved up only 11% and 6%. In other words, the companies overperformed their stocks, a result that no doubt partly reflects Wall Street"s new apprehension about brand names. Whatever the reason, what will count over time is the earnings performance of these companies. If they prosper, Berkshire will also prosper, though not in a lock-step manner.
从1991年到1993年,可口可乐与吉列刮胡刀每股获利的增加幅度分别为38%与37%,但是同期间股票市价的涨幅却只有11%与6%,换句话说,这些公司的表现超越股票市场,主要的原因还在于华尔街对于品牌有很深的疑虑,但是不管怎样,真正重要的还是这些公司本身的获利情况,如果他们经营顺利,Berkshire也就跟着水涨船高,虽然不是依照一步步稳定的方式前进。
Let me add a lesson from history: Coke went public in 1919 at $40 per share. By the end of 1920 the market, coldly reevaluating Coke"s future prospects, had battered the stock down by more than 50%, to $19.50. At yearend 1993, that single share, with dividends reinvested, was worth more than $2.1 million. As Ben Graham said: "In the short-run, the market is a voting machine - reflecting a voter-registration test that requires only money, not intelligence or emotional stability - but in the long-run, the market is a weighing machine."
接着让我为各位上一次历史课,1919年可口可乐股票以每股40美元公开上市,到了1920年由于市场对于可口可乐的前景看法相当冷淡,而将股价下修一半至19.5美元,然而时至今日,1993年底,若是将收到的股利再重复投资下去,则当初股票的价值将变成210万美元,就像葛拉罕所说:「短期而言,市场是投票机器,投资人不须靠智能或情绪控制,只要有钱都可以登记参加投票,但就长期而言,股票市场却是一个体重机。」
So how should Berkshire"s over-performance in the market last year be viewed? Clearly, Berkshire was selling at a higher percentage of intrinsic value at the end of 1993 than was the case at the beginning of the year. On the other hand, in a world of 6% or 7% long-term interest rates, Berkshire"s market price was not inappropriate if - and you should understand that this is a huge if - Charlie Munger, Berkshire"s Vice Chairman, and I can attain our long-standing goal of increasing Berkshire"s per-share intrinsic value at an average annual rate of 15%. We have not retreated from this goal. But we again emphasize, as we have for many years, that the growth in our capital base makes 15% an ever-more difficult target to hit.
所以我们应该如何看待Berkshire去年的股价超越本质的表现呢?
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